</a JR Holmes Oil Company </a Shark Guard Southeast Woods and Whitetail Mayer Insurance Services LLC
Aldeer Classifieds
17 remington
by 270 guru. 11/23/24 10:38 PM
Left hand tikka t3 6.5
by Chipnalong. 11/23/24 05:59 PM
Searching for Freedom Arms Model 83
by Narrow Gap. 11/23/24 12:24 PM
2020 GMC Sierra 1500 AT4 6.2L @ 49k Miles
by bamachem. 11/23/24 09:30 AM
Serious Deer Talk
A wonderful opening day
by UncleHuck. 11/24/24 12:08 AM
Outfitter
by Big Game Hunter. 11/24/24 12:03 AM
Game check pictures
by bamaeyedoc. 11/23/24 11:29 PM
LFTT 11/23 Opening Day
by kkfish. 11/23/24 11:18 PM
Damn good day
by kkfish. 11/23/24 11:14 PM
November
S M T W T F S
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Land, Leases, Hunting Clubs
Looking for club/lease
by BIGBUCK01. 10/26/24 06:38 PM
Lone Oak Hunting Club Marengo Co
by EarlPitts. 10/20/24 07:15 PM
Place to squirrel hunt around Huntsville?
by stan57. 10/18/24 10:20 AM
TRAIL cam on WMA
by Trecker1. 10/04/24 03:45 PM
Searching for club/lease near montgomery
by hilljack13. 08/12/24 04:23 PM
Who's Online Now
9 registered members (coosabuckhunter, TheVern, bamacotton, sw1002, JohnG, Bowfish, CAL, Bake, 1 invisible), 524 guests, and 0 spiders.
Key: Admin, Global Mod, Mod
Previous Thread
Next Thread
Print Thread
Page 1 of 2 1 2
Soil Moisture Management #4194056
09/10/24 11:42 AM
09/10/24 11:42 AM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Probably the most overlooked aspect of planting fall food plots.........


We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4194061
09/10/24 11:47 AM
09/10/24 11:47 AM
Joined: Sep 2016
Posts: 8,675
Alabama
Shaneomac2 Offline
14 point
Shaneomac2  Offline
14 point
Joined: Sep 2016
Posts: 8,675
Alabama
how do u manage it?


Georgia Football..Acts like Bama but has a trophy case like South Carolina.
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: Shaneomac2] #4194079
09/10/24 12:09 PM
09/10/24 12:09 PM
Joined: Dec 2018
Posts: 2,554
Dale County, AL
DGAMBLER Offline
10 point
DGAMBLER  Offline
10 point
Joined: Dec 2018
Posts: 2,554
Dale County, AL
Originally Posted by Shaneomac2
how do u manage it?

Pray


To GOD be All the glory!!!
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: Shaneomac2] #4194083
09/10/24 12:14 PM
09/10/24 12:14 PM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Originally Posted by Shaneomac2
how do u manage it?


By managing infiltration and retention……..


We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4194101
09/10/24 12:39 PM
09/10/24 12:39 PM
Joined: Aug 2018
Posts: 5,822
Georgia and Missouri
Semo Offline
12 point
Semo  Offline
12 point
Joined: Aug 2018
Posts: 5,822
Georgia and Missouri
Orgainic matter is the way.

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4194114
09/10/24 01:00 PM
09/10/24 01:00 PM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
It’s bone dry going into planting time…..typical for Bama…..We’re about to get heavy rain dumped on all of us which could potentially be one of only a couple good rain events between now and Halloween……Your plots need to be in a condition right now where they can soak all of this rain up and hold it as long as possible…..IMO, the best thing to have done up to this point is nothing……. and the dying summer vegetation still be standing whole in the field……root structures still intact in the soil……


We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4194125
09/10/24 01:21 PM
09/10/24 01:21 PM
Joined: Feb 2003
Posts: 7,049
shelby county
B
buzzard Offline
14 point
buzzard  Offline
14 point
B
Joined: Feb 2003
Posts: 7,049
shelby county
We cut into some of our plots this past weekend with the spring tooth harrow with the intention that the cuts will catch water. many of our plots are on slopes and we have some fine chilton county chirt we deal with so run off can be an issue. other areas we have left summer crops standing and will throw and mow into them with the time comes.


"Hell with them fellows, buzzard got to eat same as a worm"
Josey Wales

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4198924
09/18/24 11:58 AM
09/18/24 11:58 AM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Back to dry and 90-degree temps again for the foreseeable future…….

Last edited by CNC; 09/18/24 11:59 AM.

We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4199023
09/18/24 03:27 PM
09/18/24 03:27 PM
Joined: Jan 2017
Posts: 5,745
Mobile, AL
P
Pwyse Offline
12 point
Pwyse  Offline
12 point
P
Joined: Jan 2017
Posts: 5,745
Mobile, AL
Originally Posted by CNC
Back to dry and 90-degree temps again for the foreseeable future…….


Yep. Hopefully this will be the last time we ever put a disk on the food plots at my bosses place. Still trying to convince the guys at the club to stop disking. That bare disked dirt can't hold any water. Especially the sandy loam we got.

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4199032
09/18/24 03:45 PM
09/18/24 03:45 PM
Joined: Jul 2021
Posts: 3,918
North Al.
P
Paint Rock 00 Offline
10 point
Paint Rock 00  Offline
10 point
P
Joined: Jul 2021
Posts: 3,918
North Al.
We wheat straw over our seed. Retains moisture provides some shade for the seed and hides uncovered seed from the birds. Seems to help. Moisture is key. Pray as said above

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4199049
09/18/24 04:36 PM
09/18/24 04:36 PM
Joined: Dec 2018
Posts: 2,554
Dale County, AL
DGAMBLER Offline
10 point
DGAMBLER  Offline
10 point
Joined: Dec 2018
Posts: 2,554
Dale County, AL
We got over 2 inches of rain last weekend and I'm thinking about trying one small throw and mow plot that the vegetation is about waist high and pretty thick. I'm thinking about planting it this weekend if there is moisture in the top couple inches of dirt. What yall think? I won't be out but a few dollars if it fails anyway.


To GOD be All the glory!!!
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: DGAMBLER] #4199064
09/18/24 04:59 PM
09/18/24 04:59 PM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Originally Posted by DGAMBLER
We got over 2 inches of rain last weekend and I'm thinking about trying one small throw and mow plot that the vegetation is about waist high and pretty thick. I'm thinking about planting it this weekend if there is moisture in the top couple inches of dirt. What yall think? I won't be out but a few dollars if it fails anyway.


If you have the ability to sit back and just watch the forecast then I’d wait until it said we had temp drops and rain coming. It may not rain again until November…..or we may get another tropical system in the next few weeks.


We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4199281
09/19/24 07:38 AM
09/19/24 07:38 AM
Joined: Nov 2006
Posts: 6,856
Fairhope, AL
2
270wsm Offline
14 point
270wsm  Offline
14 point
2
Joined: Nov 2006
Posts: 6,856
Fairhope, AL
I'm going to T&M a 3 acre plot on powerline tomorrow. This plot holds a lot of moisture/water during hunting season so I'm going to try and get it started earlier than normal. Think I'm going to plant straight wheat on this plot since it stays wet for long period of time but haven't decide yet. Plan to spray my other 8 plots on Sept 29th and plant Oct 12-14. Prefer to wait a little longer but not able to this year with travel baseball tourneys last 2 weekends in Oct and 1st weekend Nov.

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4199431
09/19/24 12:06 PM
09/19/24 12:06 PM
Joined: Apr 2016
Posts: 309
Pcola,FL
P
pcoladoc Offline
4 point
pcoladoc  Offline
4 point
P
Joined: Apr 2016
Posts: 309
Pcola,FL
Originally Posted by CNC
It’s bone dry going into planting time…..typical for Bama…..We’re about to get heavy rain dumped on all of us which could potentially be one of only a couple good rain events between now and Halloween……Your plots need to be in a condition right now where they can soak all of this rain up and hold it as long as possible…..IMO, the best thing to have done up to this point is nothing……. and the dying summer vegetation still be standing whole in the field……root structures still intact in the soil……


Do you need to spray the fields before throwing seed ? If so, how long prior to seeding ? we were going to throw the seed and the roll it with cultipacker either way.

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4199519
09/19/24 02:29 PM
09/19/24 02:29 PM
Joined: Jan 2011
Posts: 3,556
Lawrence Co. AL
jdhunter2011 Offline
8 Point
jdhunter2011  Offline
8 Point
Joined: Jan 2011
Posts: 3,556
Lawrence Co. AL
Im gaining a strong desire to build a cultipacker. Have yall seen the videos on youtube on how to make one with a corrugated pipe and quickcrete?


Its not the will to win but the will to prepare to win!
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: pcoladoc] #4199551
09/19/24 03:20 PM
09/19/24 03:20 PM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Originally Posted by pcoladoc
Originally Posted by CNC
It’s bone dry going into planting time…..typical for Bama…..We’re about to get heavy rain dumped on all of us which could potentially be one of only a couple good rain events between now and Halloween……Your plots need to be in a condition right now where they can soak all of this rain up and hold it as long as possible…..IMO, the best thing to have done up to this point is nothing……. and the dying summer vegetation still be standing whole in the field……root structures still intact in the soil……


Do you need to spray the fields before throwing seed ? If so, how long prior to seeding ? we were going to throw the seed and the roll it with cultipacker either way.


Just depends on what all you have growing in the fields.....summer annuals dont need spraying......


We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4199650
09/19/24 06:55 PM
09/19/24 06:55 PM
Joined: Sep 2012
Posts: 19,363
North AL
AU338MAG Offline
Old Mossy Horns
AU338MAG  Offline
Old Mossy Horns
Joined: Sep 2012
Posts: 19,363
North AL
Serious question CNC. (Hard to believe, I know)

Would it have been good to bush hog the fields prior to the rain even if you may not plant until a few weeks later. No spraying, just cutting.

Seems like having a dense canopy laying over the soil would be great for moisture retention and building organic matter before planting.


Dying ain't much of a living boy...Josey Wales

Molon Labe
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: AU338MAG] #4199659
09/19/24 07:20 PM
09/19/24 07:20 PM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Originally Posted by AU338MAG
Serious question CNC. (Hard to believe, I know)

Would it have been good to bush hog the fields prior to the rain even if you may not plant until a few weeks later. No spraying, just cutting.

Seems like having a dense canopy laying over the soil would be great for moisture retention and building organic matter before planting.


I would always try to seed and mow at the same time…..When you mow hay it starts off fluffy and “lays down” more and more as the days go by and it gets rain on it……eventually forming a mat…..You’re probably not going to get good seed to soil contact trying to seed over hay that was mowed much ahead of time unless you were using a drill…..Also, that fluffiness of the hay there in the first week or so gives those little seedlings more space to grow through and get established……You’re correct though in that it will help hold moisture…….Right now though the summer vegetation is still standing in the field shading the soil and helping to serve a similar role.

Last edited by CNC; 09/19/24 07:21 PM.

We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4199713
09/19/24 08:24 PM
09/19/24 08:24 PM
Joined: Sep 2012
Posts: 19,363
North AL
AU338MAG Offline
Old Mossy Horns
AU338MAG  Offline
Old Mossy Horns
Joined: Sep 2012
Posts: 19,363
North AL
Originally Posted by CNC
Originally Posted by AU338MAG
Serious question CNC. (Hard to believe, I know)

Would it have been good to bush hog the fields prior to the rain even if you may not plant until a few weeks later. No spraying, just cutting.

Seems like having a dense canopy laying over the soil would be great for moisture retention and building organic matter before planting.


I would always try to seed and mow at the same time…..When you mow hay it starts off fluffy and “lays down” more and more as the days go by and it gets rain on it……eventually forming a mat…..You’re probably not going to get good seed to soil contact trying to seed over hay that was mowed much ahead of time unless you were using a drill…..Also, that fluffiness of the hay there in the first week or so gives those little seedlings more space to grow through and get established……You’re correct though in that it will help hold moisture…….Right now though the summer vegetation is still standing in the field shading the soil and helping to serve a similar role.

thumbup


Dying ain't much of a living boy...Josey Wales

Molon Labe
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: jdhunter2011] #4199744
09/19/24 09:29 PM
09/19/24 09:29 PM
Joined: Nov 2014
Posts: 4,342
chilton, co.
hayman Offline
10 point
hayman  Offline
10 point
Joined: Nov 2014
Posts: 4,342
chilton, co.
Originally Posted by jdhunter2011
Im gaining a strong desire to build a cultipacker. Have yall seen the videos on youtube on how to make one with a corrugated pipe and quickcrete?


I have one. It doesn’t work exactly like a true cultipacker weighted disk to penetrate the surface.It works pretty good on prepped disked ground but an actual cultipacker definitely works better.


“Everything Woke Turns To SH_T” Donald J. Trump
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4199913
09/20/24 08:38 AM
09/20/24 08:38 AM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Supposed to be 92-93 degrees today......hot, hot, hot.......


We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4200004
09/20/24 12:53 PM
09/20/24 12:53 PM
Joined: Jan 2017
Posts: 5,745
Mobile, AL
P
Pwyse Offline
12 point
Pwyse  Offline
12 point
P
Joined: Jan 2017
Posts: 5,745
Mobile, AL
Originally Posted by CNC
Supposed to be 92-93 degrees today......hot, hot, hot.......


Yep. All those disked fields just sitting there baking. Getting drier and drier.

CNC have you listened to the Southern U podcast with Al kemcheko or whatever his name is with Vitalize?

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: Pwyse] #4200017
09/20/24 01:18 PM
09/20/24 01:18 PM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Originally Posted by Pwyse
Originally Posted by CNC
Supposed to be 92-93 degrees today......hot, hot, hot.......


Yep. All those disked fields just sitting there baking. Getting drier and drier.

CNC have you listened to the Southern U podcast with Al kemcheko or whatever his name is with Vitalize?


No I dont think I've heard that one......


We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: Pwyse] #4200078
09/20/24 02:51 PM
09/20/24 02:51 PM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Originally Posted by Pwyse
Yep. All those disked fields just sitting there baking. Getting drier and drier.


Soil temps are getting hot too....probably well over 100 degrees at midday......

Last edited by CNC; 09/20/24 02:52 PM.

We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4201448
09/23/24 10:37 AM
09/23/24 10:37 AM
Joined: Jul 2010
Posts: 9,691
B'ham
Goatkiller Offline
14 point
Goatkiller  Offline
14 point
Joined: Jul 2010
Posts: 9,691
B'ham
Moist Soil Management = Garbage.

We tried that for Ducks and never saw another duck where we did this.... total crap.

Moisture in soil at food plot planting time?

I mean... surprised we are having this discussion everyone knows you have to plant food plots into some September dust.

I like soil temps in the 70's and enough moisture it's clearly obvious where you've disked... I think wheat does best in the high 60's myself it will grow just enough but not long enough to get stemy and tough.

End of October. You'll figure it out. Maybe.



No government employees were harmed in the making of this mess.
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: Goatkiller] #4201454
09/23/24 10:57 AM
09/23/24 10:57 AM
Joined: Jan 2017
Posts: 5,745
Mobile, AL
P
Pwyse Offline
12 point
Pwyse  Offline
12 point
P
Joined: Jan 2017
Posts: 5,745
Mobile, AL
Originally Posted by Goatkiller
Moist Soil Management = Garbage.

We tried that for Ducks and never saw another duck where we did this.... total crap.

Moisture in soil at food plot planting time?

I mean... surprised we are having this discussion everyone knows you have to plant food plots into some September dust.

I like soil temps in the 70's and enough moisture it's clearly obvious where you've disked... I think wheat does best in the high 60's myself it will grow just enough but not long enough to get stemy and tough.

End of October. You'll figure it out. Maybe.



Well... a "moist soil management" area and "soil moisture management" are two different things altogether so... there's that.

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4201460
09/23/24 11:07 AM
09/23/24 11:07 AM
Joined: Sep 2016
Posts: 8,675
Alabama
Shaneomac2 Offline
14 point
Shaneomac2  Offline
14 point
Joined: Sep 2016
Posts: 8,675
Alabama
popcorn


Georgia Football..Acts like Bama but has a trophy case like South Carolina.
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4201472
09/23/24 11:34 AM
09/23/24 11:34 AM
Joined: Oct 2012
Posts: 1,697
Tuscaloosa
H
hawndog Offline
8 point
hawndog  Offline
8 point
H
Joined: Oct 2012
Posts: 1,697
Tuscaloosa
Seed can sit in dry dirt for a long time. and will come up just fine when it rains.

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4201530
09/23/24 01:16 PM
09/23/24 01:16 PM
Joined: Aug 2002
Posts: 5,970
Lower AL
K
k bush Offline
12 point
k bush  Offline
12 point
K
Joined: Aug 2002
Posts: 5,970
Lower AL
Originally Posted by CNC
Originally Posted by Pwyse
Originally Posted by CNC
Supposed to be 92-93 degrees today......hot, hot, hot.......


Yep. All those disked fields just sitting there baking. Getting drier and drier.

CNC have you listened to the Southern U podcast with Al kemcheko or whatever his name is with Vitalize?


No I dont think I've heard that one......


Al Tomechko. CNC you should remember him from the old QDMA forums


"Cull" is just another four letter word...
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: k bush] #4201584
09/23/24 02:54 PM
09/23/24 02:54 PM
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
CNC Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
CNC  Offline OP
Dances With Weeds
Joined: Jun 2012
Posts: 23,755
Awbarn, AL
Originally Posted by k bush
Al Tomechko. CNC you should remember him from the old QDMA forums


I dont recall him right off if that was his handle......I'll check it out though......


We dont rent pigs
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: Pwyse] #4201647
09/23/24 05:14 PM
09/23/24 05:14 PM
Joined: Aug 2018
Posts: 5,822
Georgia and Missouri
Semo Offline
12 point
Semo  Offline
12 point
Joined: Aug 2018
Posts: 5,822
Georgia and Missouri
Originally Posted by Pwyse
Originally Posted by Goatkiller
Moist Soil Management = Garbage.

We tried that for Ducks and never saw another duck where we did this.... total crap.

Moisture in soil at food plot planting time?

I mean... surprised we are having this discussion everyone knows you have to plant food plots into some September dust.

I like soil temps in the 70's and enough moisture it's clearly obvious where you've disked... I think wheat does best in the high 60's myself it will grow just enough but not long enough to get stemy and tough.

End of October. You'll figure it out. Maybe.



Well... a "moist soil management" area and "soil moisture management" are two different things altogether so... there's that.

I wish it was easier to insert memes on this site

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4201870
09/24/24 05:21 AM
09/24/24 05:21 AM
Joined: Nov 2018
Posts: 1,925
Orange Beach, AL
J
JohnG Online content
8 point
JohnG  Online Content
8 point
J
Joined: Nov 2018
Posts: 1,925
Orange Beach, AL
The person that used to helps us in our high fence uses the term banking moister. We burn a lot of fuel pulling a three shank subsoiler with 32” tines on 36” spacing. Cut then cross cut. The water goes deep into the ground instead of running off then wicks up when dry. We subsoil every two years but cut with a three tier 12’ chisel plow once or twice. We parked our heavy cutting disk several years ago and now use a finishing disc with 12’ roller cage to tickle the surface. That Marengo county black prairie dirt is some bad stuff and this is the best way to deal with it.

Last edited by JohnG; 09/24/24 05:43 AM.
Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4209398
10/07/24 04:00 PM
10/07/24 04:00 PM
Joined: Jul 2020
Posts: 8,761
Chelsea
L
Lockjaw Offline
14 point
Lockjaw  Offline
14 point
L
Joined: Jul 2020
Posts: 8,761
Chelsea
I planted last weekend, cereal rye mainly. I am holding off on the brassicas and clover. The soil was moist, so I broadcast seed and fertilizer and disked it under.

While I think throw and mow works well, I find I get much better results if I come in and cut, spray and disk a field, and then let it sit for a couple weeks and disk it again. Then when it rains, it soaks up a lot of water.

Re: Soil Moisture Management [Re: CNC] #4209445
10/07/24 05:29 PM
10/07/24 05:29 PM
Joined: Sep 2012
Posts: 19,363
North AL
AU338MAG Offline
Old Mossy Horns
AU338MAG  Offline
Old Mossy Horns
Joined: Sep 2012
Posts: 19,363
North AL
Cooler temps on they way but not a drop of rain in the forecast for at least 10 days in north Alabama.


Dying ain't much of a living boy...Josey Wales

Molon Labe
Page 1 of 2 1 2

Aldeer.com Copyright 2001-2024 Aldeer LLP.
Powered by UBB.threads™ PHP Forum Software 7.6.1.1
(Release build 20180111)
Page Time: 0.199s Queries: 16 (0.073s) Memory: 3.4029 MB (Peak: 3.8244 MB) Zlib disabled. Server Time: 2024-11-24 09:18:37 UTC
</a